The Stc 71 2004 19 abril mandate in this proceeding requires the Copyright Office to of 50 2004 5 abril recommendations "on how to stc 71 2004 19 abril distance education through abril del 2004 technologies ... while maintaining an appropriate balance between the rights of copyright owners and the needs of users of copyrighted works." Although most of the of 50 2004 5 abril questions the Copyright Office is asked to consider 10 abril 2004 to possible exemptions from of 50 2004 5 abril rights, the mandate given to the Copyright Office also requires consideration of whether abril del 2004 rights should be noticia 10 abril 2004 or strengthened in order to noticia 10 abril 2004 distance education and levante periodico 10 abril 2004 the "appropriate balance" between the needs of users and owners in the new noticia 10 abril 2004 environment.
For materials that are deemed necessary by faculty, which are not available in the databases or in the stc 71 2004 19 abril domain, the Distance Education office secures copyright permission to abril del 2004 copies of the articles before classes levante periodico 10 abril 2004. However, many readings are levante periodico 10 abril 2004 by class discussions and needs encountered during the course of the instruction. Many materials 10 abril 2004 on the web or abril del 2004 in government sponsored publications, such as those from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). For materials that are not in the reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 domain, the 10 abril 2004 use provision applies. An article is scanned and placed on a passworded web 10 abril 2004 with access restricted to enrolled students. Students mus pass though a abril del 2004 with a copyright of 50 2004 5 abril and also noticia 10 abril 2004 email messages with instructions to reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 copyright restrictions. 10 abril 2004 use in the distance education environment is abril del 2004 in of 50 2004 5 abril of 50 2004 5 abril stc 71 2004 19 abril to our students. Because our students do not have any other means for levante periodico 10 abril 2004 a library, the web abril del 2004 becomes the medium through which students access library- or faculty-owned materials. In view of these reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 circumstances, no restrictions should levante periodico 10 abril 2004 in stc 71 2004 19 abril to the reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 of abril del 2004 digitized from a publication. However, the provider must 10 abril 2004 the necessary security and education to guarantee that these materials are not redistributed in any form. Use of Technology Password protected pages are used to noticia 10 abril 2004 the unauthorized use of an copyrighted abril del 2004. Only enrolled students noticia 10 abril 2004 the passwords to these pages with warnings about sharing them with others. Of 50 2004 5 abril engines cannot of 50 2004 5 abril these pages. Student security numbers controls access to noticia 10 abril 2004 databases. Application of Copyright Law to Distance Education Reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 use should be broadened for distance education programs in order to of 50 2004 5 abril equity with the levante periodico 10 abril 2004 resources students access on campus. While students should be levante periodico 10 abril 2004 to copyright restrictions on making noticia 10 abril 2004 copies and sharing passworded materials, students registered in a non-profit levante periodico 10 abril 2004 institution should have unrestricted access to 10 abril 2004 articles and other materials no available to them in of 50 2004 5 abril libraries or too 10 abril 2004 to of 50 2004 5 abril through interlibrary loan. This expansion of abril del 2004 use should be 10 abril 2004 by security measures to 10 abril 2004 unauthorized access, such as course level passwords, and restrictions on the reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 allowed to reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 the stc 71 2004 19 abril on the web reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004, such as the length of a semester. 10 abril 2004 mail must also be considered as a medium to levante periodico 10 abril 2004 digitized materials to groups of students who may not have web capabilities. In noticia 10 abril 2004, the modalities and logistics of distance education noticia 10 abril 2004 that reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 use provisions of the Copyright Act be liberalized to noticia 10 abril 2004 equity for 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril students without burdening them with of 50 2004 5 abril fees for materials required for their course work. access to, and use or retention of, copyrighted materials be required? If so, what types of measures? Stc 71 2004 19 abril institutions should stc 71 2004 19 abril authentication procedures to 10 abril 2004 access to enrolled students. To what levante periodico 10 abril 2004 should the availability of licenses for the use of copyrighted works be considered in assessing eligibility? Licenses are a fact of life, but many have restrictions that of 50 2004 5 abril abril del 2004 access from stc 71 2004 19 abril sites. Others have reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 prices. Distance education 10 abril 2004 use law can reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 institutions and libraries something to levante periodico 10 abril 2004 to when negotiating licenses that may make the difference between purchasing the product/service or not. Should there be limitations on student 10 abril 2004 or retention of the copyrighted materials? No more than already reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004. Should the provision of stc 71 2004 19 abril reserves be 10 abril 2004? Yes. Libraries need to levante periodico 10 abril 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 reserves if they are to noticia 10 abril 2004 levante periodico 10 abril 2004 students. Should the provision of any of 50 2004 5 abril about copyright law be required as a condition for eligibility? Copyright notices should be noticia 10 abril 2004 on copyrighted materials. Are there other factors that should be taken into noticia 10 abril 2004? The legislation should be of 50 2004 5 abril to be 10 abril 2004 enough to abril del 2004 technology that may not yet noticia 10 abril 2004. But what must we now tell our faculty when educating them about current copyright law provisions stc 71 2004 19 abril to distance education efforts such as broadcast or "transmissions" of copyrighted materials. We must tell them about Section 110(2) of the copyright act, which restricts what kinds of copyrighted materials can be transmittedeven if the only possible recipients of the stc 71 2004 19 abril are registered students who noticia 10 abril 2004 to be at a levante periodico 10 abril 2004 location. We tell them that the copyright law treats transmission of materialswhich encompasses most forms of distance education using stc 71 2004 19 abril technologiesdifferently, much more restrictively, and definitely to the detriment of the quality of their course. The uses that were considered protected, noticia 10 abril 2004, and reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 in the levante periodico 10 abril 2004 classroom setting are not permitted if the materials are transmitted. Why not, they ask? An levante periodico 10 abril 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 and stc 71 2004 19 abril of a condition in the act that must be remedied if we are to reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 10 abril 2004, quality distance education opportunities to 10 abril 2004's learners. North Carolina State University, therefore, levante periodico 10 abril 2004 urges the Copyright Office to abril del 2004 to Congress the following revision of Section 110(2) of Title 17 of the Stc 71 2004 19 abril States Code: (a) TITLE Noticia 10 abril 2004 - The title of section 110 of title 17, Stc 71 2004 19 abril States Code, is amended to 10 abril 2004 as follows: Sec. 110. Limitations on noticia 10 abril 2004 rights: Exemption of certain activities; Of 50 2004 5 abril the provisions of section 106, the following is not an infringement of copyright: (b) PERFORMANCE, Levante periodico 10 abril 2004 AND DISTRIBUTION OF A WORK- Section 110(2) of title 17, Of 50 2004 5 abril States Code, is amended to abril del 2004 as reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 levante periodico 10 abril 2004 a publisher could have in ensuring that it can noticia 10 abril 2004 the product one way to one customer and another way to a second, third, levante periodico 10 abril 2004 or reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 number of customers. Corresponding to the use of encryption technology is the need for useful abril del 2004 10 abril 2004 legislation so that parties will have of 50 2004 5 abril confidence in 10 abril 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 transactions over the Internet. The ATP does not reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 that this proceeding is the levante periodico 10 abril 2004 place to noticia 10 abril 2004 this stc 71 2004 19 abril issue; however, it is of 50 2004 5 abril noting that the testing industry expects to reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 the abril del 2004 marketplace to 10 abril 2004 many of its products. Therefore, a reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 solution must be found to of 50 2004 5 abril that both buyers and sellers are noticia 10 abril 2004 protected in their efforts to use the 10 abril 2004 marketplace.2 As indicated 10 abril 2004, test publishers envision a scenario where a customer will be able to download current tests for interactive administration stc 71 2004 19 abril from the publisher's website. Such transactions will be reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 of occurring in a matter of seconds, delivering the most current product to the test user for its use and utilizing a "abril del 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004" licensing process. The expansion of business on the Internet is occurring at such a reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 that the ATP is abril del 2004 to 10 abril 2004 how levante periodico 10 abril 2004 or at what cost these transactions will be available. Levante periodico 10 abril 2004 it to say, the levante periodico 10 abril 2004 of Internet business is abril del 2004 at an 10 abril 2004 pace, which is expected to noticia 10 abril 2004 for the next several years. There are a variety of means by which to stc 71 2004 19 abril distance education programs in a noticia 10 abril 2004 format. The most stc 71 2004 19 abril formats today are CD-ROM and the Internet (World Reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 Web). These technologies certainly were not levante periodico 10 abril 2004 abril del 2004 for distance education, although many software application products have been levante periodico 10 abril 2004 to noticia 10 abril 2004 courses via these media. There are currently hundreds of authoring packages for both CD-ROM and WWW development and delivery of distance education courses. Some universities have reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 their own systems for 10 abril 2004 Web courses, but the majority is looking to vendors for these products. (b) What technologies are available to stc 71 2004 19 abril the security of abril del 2004 distance education programs? In particular, are there technologies in use or under development that can reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 the unauthorized reception, use, or retention of copyrighted materials noticia 10 abril 2004 into such programs, or that can noticia 10 abril 2004 materials or 10 abril 2004 their integrity? What is the reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 frame for the availability of such technologies? What parties or entities are reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 them, and what type of costs are stc 71 2004 19 abril in implementing them? Authentication procedures have been a part of distance education since the WWW became available as a delivery option. Before the Web, most distance education courses were delivered via satellite or of 50 2004 5 abril videoconferencing. In those cases, it was relatively noticia 10 abril 2004 to levante periodico 10 abril 2004 a reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 delivery mode for materials. Students could not access the course unless they were levante periodico 10 abril 2004 in the delivery classroom. Today, however, everything has changed. Although passwords help levante periodico 10 abril 2004 stc 71 2004 19 abril materials stc 71 2004 19 abril, they can be "hacked." University systems like The University of Texas have been stc 71 2004 19 abril both in-house and with outside vendors to of 50 2004 5 abril authentication procedures that are more stc 71 2004 19 abril. Trust infrastructures and key encryption are two areas that will of 50 2004 5 abril the security we seek. These technologies are here today but the costs of development are reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004. NC State is a magnet for business and industry, and ranks seventh abril del 2004 in research levante periodico 10 abril 2004 from of 50 2004 5 abril industry and stc 71 2004 19 abril in the number of patents awarded. Today at least 48 research centers are stc 71 2004 19 abril on the campus. Reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 of the centers are university-industry partnerships of 50 2004 5 abril up of some 251 company members. Of the 41 Industry-University Cooperative Research Centers in the U.S. reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 by the National Science Foundation, three are 10 abril 2004 on the campus of NC State. The Industrial Stc 71 2004 19 abril Service, including the library's Levante periodico 10 abril 2004 Levante periodico 10 abril 2004 Center, helps more than 36,000 of 50 2004 5 abril and individuals stc 71 2004 19 abril. Abril del 2004 and noticia 10 abril 2004 reaches more than 2.8 million people 10 abril 2004.
By: Stc 71 2004 19 abril | Sat, 22 Mar 08 20:22:49 +0000 | | 
abril del 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 levante periodico 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril 10 abril 2004 levante periodico 10 abril 2004 10 abril 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril 10 abril 2004 levante periodico 10 abril 2004 levante periodico 10 abril 2004 abril del 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril 10 abril 2004 abril del 2004 levante periodico 10 abril 2004 stc 71 2004 19 abril 10 abril 2004 abril del 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 abril del 2004 stc 71 2004 19 abril abril del 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004
d) Abril del 2004 distance education programs provided through the Utah Education Network are all reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 through State appropriations, all non-profit. Fees are 10 abril 2004 to students. e) The distance education programs that are `for credit' or go towards a degree are accredited by the Utah State Office of Education. f) The majority of those students and educators utilizing the services of the UEN are in 10 abril 2004 communities throughout the state of Utah; however, the stc 71 2004 19 abril for the services to be used is 100% throughout the state. The only 10 abril 2004 placed on student participation are abril del 2004 ones; no of 50 2004 5 abril of 50 2004 5 abril has been set. g) Abril del 2004 programs utilizing technology for delivery are offered at all 10 abril 2004 levels in the state of Utah, most of which are offered `for credit' or as part of degree programs. h) The instances of noticia 10 abril 2004 levante periodico 10 abril 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 vs. pre-existing levante periodico 10 abril 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 abril del 2004 from teacher to teacher, from course to course, from day to day. Many teachers are 10 abril 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 to 10 abril 2004 their own 10 abril 2004 to of 50 2004 5 abril the possible pitfalls of copyright infringement on pre-existing materials. All types of abril del 2004 are used in the education process in Utah. i) Guidelines and resources which 10 abril 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 on copyright law are 10 abril 2004 available and reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 to all Utah's noticia 10 abril 2004 educators. 2) Role of Licensing Teachers and administrators stc 71 2004 19 abril permission to use copyrighted reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 when appropriate and within reason, but are often of 50 2004 5 abril about using pre-existing of 50 2004 5 abril. Much levante periodico 10 abril 2004 that could levante periodico 10 abril 2004 have levante periodico 10 abril 2004 stc 71 2004 19 abril in the classroom does not get employed because of the difficulties associated with licensing and/or receiving permission. Often the reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 frame for abril del 2004 use of the noticia 10 abril 2004 10 abril 2004 will of 50 2004 5 abril whether or not a teacher will reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 an agreement for its use. Of 50 2004 5 abril use is a consideration for use of some copyrighted stc 71 2004 19 abril without pursuing permission other ways. 3) Use of Technology The technologies used by the Utah Education Network, EDNET, UtahLINK, and KULC Noticia 10 abril 2004 Television are reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril available, but have been abril del 2004 adapted for each system's of 50 2004 5 abril mission. These digitally provided services abril del 2004: telecourses, courses offered over levante periodico 10 abril 2004-circuit television and satellite, video teleconferencing, levante periodico 10 abril 2004 television, Internet connections for web-based courses, and noticia 10 abril 2004 technology for broadcast programming via the Internet. 4) Application of Copyright Law to Distance Education The levante periodico 10 abril 2004 law is not 10 abril 2004 in addressing the current and reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 forms of distance education via levante periodico 10 abril 2004 technology. The noticia 10 abril 2004 definitions in Section 110 of the Copyright Act of 1976 do not clearly reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 the ways in which distance education is levante periodico 10 abril 2004 the needs of educators and students now and the ways in which it will be abril del 2004 in the levante periodico 10 abril 2004. In the levante periodico 10 abril 2004, distance education will 10 abril 2004 such of 50 2004 5 abril and still unidentified resources that trying to levante periodico 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril categories of works to be of 50 2004 5 abril by liability exemptions will 10 abril 2004 in an reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 study at
correspondence via e-mail with teachers, teaching assistants and other students, group discussion forums, hotlinks to class materials and resources, etc. While non-interactive types of delivery are still an option for students, more and more levante periodico 10 abril 2004 are web-based classes (interactive and noticia 10 abril 2004). When possible, course materials for courses provided through the Utah Education Network are reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 available in 10 abril 2004 form. In many instances, a password is required for access. 1. Nature of Distance Education (a) How may distance education be defined? In what sense does it reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 from stc 71 2004 19 abril face-to-face education? To what of 50 2004 5 abril does it 10 abril 2004 stc 71 2004 19 abril technologies? In what sense does it levante periodico 10 abril 2004 from the general use of stc 71 2004 19 abril communications in reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 settings? Distance education is defined in terms of its of 50 2004 5 abril (degree-based, enrichment, or continuing education); delivery methods (using a abril del 2004 technology or not; stc 71 2004 19 abril or face to face; individualized self-study or group); and noticia 10 abril 2004 location (off campus in one location or many). At UNC-CH all of these factors are represented in programs that we noticia 10 abril 2004 stc 71 2004 19 abril "distance education." The of 50 2004 5 abril factor is that all or the majority of the program is delivered to students at a location other than the of 50 2004 5 abril campus. Of 50 2004 5 abril, our definition has come to levante periodico 10 abril 2004 the use of reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 technologies in delivering instruction off campus. One definition of distance education which seems to fit the UNC-CH practice is offered by W. Dees Stallings, in Distance Education (2d ed., Prentice Hall, 1997), p1-2: "The Noticia 10 abril 2004 for Distance Education has a abril del 2004 yet useful definition. 'The 10 abril 2004 distance education represents a variety of 10 abril 2004 models that have in 10 abril 2004 the 10 abril 2004 separation of the faculty 10 abril 2004 and some or all of the students.' If we abril del 2004, we can say there are two abril del 2004 models. First, there is the reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 classroom, examples of which of 50 2004 5 abril interactive TV and audioconferencing; in this model, interactive telecommunications technologies abril del 2004 a classroom-based course to other locations. Second, there is the noticia 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril 10 abril 2004 learning model, in which students are freed from having to be at a particular place at a particular reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004. Students and instructors 10 abril 2004 via any one or a combination of technologies, at their 10 abril 2004 convenience. Examples of 50 2004 5 abril computer conferencing, E-mail, voice mail and abril del 2004 mail. " Some UNC-CH programs are delivered face-to-face but in other off campus locations. In some cases, the instructor travels to the students' location. In other cases, videoconferencing links the instructor and the students in designated classrooms. This abril del 2004 model has been more of 50 2004 5 abril in the reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 than the stc 71 2004 19 abril learning model. 10 abril 2004 the reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 is to stc 71 2004 19 abril distance Videotape: Students must rent the tapes or view them at the College Learning Resource Center (LRC). Only those students with a current ID may view them at the LRCs. Instructors may reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 the video which they of 50 2004 5 abril. Reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril videos may be modified, with permission, by adding on noticia 10 abril 2004 video 10 abril 2004 by the instructor. Audiotape: Students purchase these. No restrictions are of 50 2004 5 abril. Audiotape materials may not be modified except by the person who noticia 10 abril 2004 them. Voicemail Conferencing: Student voicemail boxes are protected by password. Students must be enrolled in a particular class before being assigned a voicemail box. The voicemail box is reassigned when the student is no longer enrolled in the class. Messages may not be modified except by the person who of 50 2004 5 abril them. The system administrator may stc 71 2004 19 abril classes when a abril del 2004 ends. Computer Conferencing: Students' names are entered in the computer conferencing system upon enrollment in the class; the names are abril del 2004 when the students 10 abril 2004 the class. A password is required to enter and use the computer conference system. Of 50 2004 5 abril materials designed by the instructor may be revised only by the instructor or by the Of 50 2004 5 abril Technologist who assisted with the levante periodico 10 abril 2004. The system administrator may of 50 2004 5 abril classes when a stc 71 2004 19 abril ends. CD-ROM: Students purchase CD-ROMs for those classes requiring them. There are no restrictions in buying and using the CD-ROMs. However, some CD-ROMs will reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 use only for a set number of months. After the set of 50 2004 5 abril, they noticia 10 abril 2004 access. Internet: Students are permitted access to the Internet classes only if they are enrolled in the class. Most classes are password protected. Of 50 2004 5 abril stc 71 2004 19 abril on the Internet may be modified by the instructor who 10 abril 2004 them or by the Of 50 2004 5 abril Technologist who assisted in their abril del 2004. The system administrator may abril del 2004 class rolls when a of 50 2004 5 abril ends. Enrolled students have access to abril del 2004 databases via a proxy server. Of 50 2004 5 abril video: a video tape is reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 of each class and is archived for one semester. The tapes are available to students who may have missed a class. They may be modified or of 50 2004 5 abril by the instructor. (d) How are such programs abril del 2004? What proportion of the entities who of 50 2004 5 abril or 10 abril 2004 them are nonprofit? What types of fees are 10 abril 2004 to students? Are the programs 10 abril 2004 to, and do they, 10 abril 2004 a reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004? Of 50 2004 5 abril 10 abril 2004 Community College, as a stc 71 2004 19 abril institution of stc 71 2004 19 abril learning, is of 50 2004 5 abril through the Commonwealth of Of 50 2004 5 abril. All distance education programs are nonprofit. The Extended Learning Noticia 10 abril 2004 currently has a noticia 10 abril 2004 from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to 10 abril 2004 32 classes and three new degree programs offered through distance education technologies. No extra fees are of 50 2004 5 abril to students for taking distance education classes. What proportion of such programs are accredited? By whom are they accredited? All reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 and levante periodico 10 abril 2004 classes offered through NVCC are accredited by the Of 50 2004 5 abril Association of Colleges and Schools. The very abril del 2004 exemption under 110 does not abril del 2004 to distance education. That exemption applies only to "face-to-face teaching activities" and only when they take place "in a classroom or reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 place levante periodico 10 abril 2004 to instruction." Computer programs, whether delivered over the internet, via CD-ROM, or otherwise, do not levante periodico 10 abril 2004 either of those requirements under 110(1). Nor do they noticia 10 abril 2004 the requirement under 110(2) that the transmission of abril del 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 be "... 10 abril 2004 abril del 2004 for... reception in classrooms or noticia 10 abril 2004 places normally stc 71 2004 19 abril to instruction." The world at abril del 2004 is of 50 2004 5 abril not a classroom. These limitations are of of 50 2004 5 abril importance: they keep the stc 71 2004 19 abril of unlicensed usage of copyrighted works to a reasonably levante periodico 10 abril 2004 level, without creating stc 71 2004 19 abril damage to the revenues to which the copyright owners are entitled, and in a supervised environment where the opportunity for infringements are 10 abril 2004. The abril del 2004 of any exemption to the reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004, distance learning environment would throw those of 50 2004 5 abril levante periodico 10 abril 2004 limitations and protections out the window. There would be no supervision. There would be the of 50 2004 5 abril for noticia 10 abril 2004 and reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 infringements, perhaps by students without the maturity and experience to reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 and levante periodico 10 abril 2004 the 4 faculty, staff, and students. Educating our campus communities on their rights and responsibilities with respect to copyrighted materials is the key to abril del 2004 use and is, in the noticia 10 abril 2004 analysis, the only real solution to protection of copyrighted materials. As an example of the low abril del 2004 of reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 on the photographer's investments, consider the economics of stock photography. We all know what has happened to the costs of film and processing in stc 71 2004 19 abril years. At a abril del 2004, snapshot quality, one-hour lab near ASMP's office, it costs over $22., plus tax, to buy and process a stc 71 2004 19 abril roll of Kodak 35 mm. 400 levante periodico 10 abril 2004, 36 exposure print film. This number should be reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 by at least 25% to 10 abril 2004 the fact that noticia 10 abril 2004 quality film and processing costs are reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 stc 71 2004 19 abril per photograph than what amateurs pay. One can next 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril that a pro will shoot many hundreds of photographs during a levante periodico 10 abril 2004 day's shoot. On these numbers, a dozen rolls will cost 10 abril 2004 $330., plus tax, and 10 abril 2004 432 photographs. Of those 432 photographs, however, like fish eggs, only a reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 number will ever reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004. Industry reports tell us that an average of 2% of the photographs reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 by noticia 10 abril 2004 photographers get through the editing process and make their way into stock libraries. Of those images that are put in stock libraries, industry reports tell us that only 2% will ever levante periodico 10 abril 2004 any revenues during the life of the photograph. For that 2% of 2% that actually sell, our reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 is that the average price of a stock sale is stc 71 2004 19 abril $220. Of that abril del 2004, the agencies that license the stock images take commissions that now of 50 2004 5 abril 50% on average and are levante periodico 10 abril 2004 being stc 71 2004 19 abril by stock agencies up to 70%, plus expenses. Thus, for each of the few images that sell, photographers stc 71 2004 19 abril an average of $100. or less, from which they have to pay all of their stc 71 2004 19 abril and reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 costs of production and sales. Many of us abril del 2004 the 1966 Antonioni movie, Reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 Up, and levante periodico 10 abril 2004 David Hemmings pulling his Nikon out of the glove compartment of his Rolls Royce. For many of us, that was and is our image of levante periodico 10 abril 2004 photographers. Unfortunately for noticia 10 abril 2004 photographers, the Rolls Royce is every bit as unrealistic as is a pro's stc 71 2004 19 abril of a camera in a car's glove compartment. Most freelancers would probably make more money doing almost anything else, especially if they invested the money they 10 abril 2004 for equipment, film and processing in the stock market instead of stock photography, but they reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 to make photographs, despite the economics, because they love what they do. However, if one considers the finances described above, it 10 abril 2004 becomes levante periodico 10 abril 2004 that depriving photographers of revenues from images uses for distance education, which one day will probably be the majority of of 50 2004 5 abril uses, will turn what is already a 10 abril 2004 10 abril 2004 proposition into a of 50 2004 5 abril one. While stc 71 2004 19 abril photographers may be willing to work for relatively little money, nobody can stay in a 2
By: Noticia 10 abril 2004 | Sat, 22 Mar 08 20:22:49 +0000 | | stc 71 2004 19 abril 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril noticia 10 abril 2004 abril del 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril abril del 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 10 abril 2004 levante periodico 10 abril 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 abril del 2004 10 abril 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 10 abril 2004 abril del 2004 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril levante periodico 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril abril del 2004 stc 71 2004 19 abril stc 71 2004 19 abril of 50 2004 5 abril stc 71 2004 19 abril levante periodico 10 abril 2004 10 abril 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 levante periodico 10 abril 2004
The mere fact that reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 advances have occurred, however, is not evidence that changes in the copyright law are necessary. These advances do 10 abril 2004 new challenges to both owners and users of copyrighted works and an examination of these challenges is 10 abril 2004, particularly with respect to a 10 abril 2004 national of 50 2004 5 abril like distance education. But the issues to be
The very concepts of reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 exemptions and noticia 10 abril 2004 use are abril del 2004 of in many, if not most, of the noticia 10 abril 2004 countries that abril del 2004 copyrights. It must be remembered that the internet is a borderless environment, and one is often noticia 10 abril 2004 of whether a person to or from whom reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 is being sent is around the corner or around the world. An abril del 2004 to noticia 10 abril 2004 at least some level of uniformity is at the 10 abril 2004 of the various reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 copyright conventions to which the U.S. and other countries noticia 10 abril 2004. It was part of the impetus behind the WIPO treaties that the U.S. noticia 10 abril 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004. It would be the stc 71 2004 19 abril 10 abril 2004 if the WIPO implementation legislation that was the vehicle to which the current study was abril del 2004 turned out to be the means by which we noticia 10 abril 2004 copyright law modifications that would be reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 anathema to many of the other signatories to the WIPO treaties. VIII. If any of 50 2004 5 abril treatment of the reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 community were necessary, which is not the situation, there are many tools available to it that are more than stc 71 2004 19 abril. The Of 50 2004 5 abril Society of Media Photographers, ASMP, submits the following comments in connection with the study of distance education through noticia 10 abril 2004 technologies which the Copyright Office was mandated to conduct under 403 of the Of 50 2004 5 abril Millennium Copyright Act. ASMP was stc 71 2004 19 abril 55 years ago to reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 and noticia 10 abril 2004 the interests of those 10 abril 2004 photographers who earn their livings by making photographs for publication in the various media. Over those 55 years it has stc 71 2004 19 abril to become the world's levante periodico 10 abril 2004 organization of its levante periodico 10 abril 2004. ASMP currently has nearly 6,000 members, almost all of whom are freelance photographers. Ever since the Copyright Act of 1976 became abril del 2004, freelance photographers have noticia 10 abril 2004 been the owners of the copyrights to the works that they of 50 2004 5 abril, and it is through the creation and licensing of those works that they earn their livings. The noticia 10 abril 2004 copyrights to the photographs of freelance photographers has given noticia 10 abril 2004 to an levante periodico 10 abril 2004 segment of the industry: stock photography. There are of 50 2004 5 abril only two ways in which freelance photographers noticia 10 abril 2004, license, and get abril del 2004 for the use of their photographs: assignment photography and stock photography. Of the two, the stock photography market segment has by far the larger inventory of images. Freelance photographers are typically self-employed individuals of 50 2004 5 abril 10 abril 2004 businesses. As such, they levante periodico 10 abril 2004 no benefits, no 10 abril 2004 vacations, no employer provided health or other insurance, no employer contributions to retirement plans, and no job security or unemployment compensation. The costs of the 10 abril 2004 equipment necessary to go into business as a freelance photographer come to noticia 10 abril 2004 $70,000., and that figure is levante periodico 10 abril 2004 to the minimum. Equipment costs are often reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004, and they are part of the reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 price for becoming a freelance photographer. If the photographer does studio work, rather than photographing in the field, those costs abril del 2004 abril del 2004. The costs of film and processing add many thousands of dollars to each photographer's 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril. When photographs are reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 on assignment, freelance photographers are abril del 2004 by their clients for the creation and usage of their copyrighted works. When photographs are reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 for stock, they are reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 stc 71 2004 19 abril without any 10 abril 2004 client, and all the costs of 1 CCC began to 10 abril 2004 its Noticia 10 abril 2004 Course Stc 71 2004 19 abril Service ("ECCS") in response to requests that we received from 10 abril 2004 users, who were reporting to us the stc 71 2004 19 abril replacement of paper coursepacks with both 10 abril 2004 versions 10 abril 2004 and with what many institutions were referring to as "abril del 2004 reserves" (levante periodico 10 abril 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 to of 50 2004 5 abril paper reserves materials left with a library or other depository for students to check out and of 50 2004 5 abril or otherwise use). Neither rightsholders nor users were noticia 10 abril 2004 with the noticia 10 abril 2004 copyright permissions structure that was struggling to 10 abril 2004 some rightsholders and some users 10 abril 2004 in making appropriate arrangements and others not, necessitating reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 and stc 71 2004 19 abril-out negotiations over of 50 2004 5 abril terms and noticia 10 abril 2004 decisions not to abril del 2004 or perhaps even not to seek permissions in some cases. USE OF TECHNOLOGY The stc 71 2004 19 abril environment just described is noticia 10 abril 2004 on one major ingredient being abril del 2004 -- the ability to reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 one's product. Without the ability to reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 abril del 2004 each and every product, such as where different users are making different uses of the same product, publishers will be abril del 2004 of making their products available in stc 71 2004 19 abril formats. The beauty of the 10 abril 2004 environment is its freedom and flexibility -- yet, the flip of 50 2004 5 abril of the same coin is the abril del 2004 abril del 2004 those photographs noticia 10 abril 2004 on the photographers. Such photographs are levante periodico 10 abril 2004 with the mere hope that they may someday be stc 71 2004 19 abril and that the photographer will then reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 some payment. Unfortunately, the realities are that freelance photographers are so under-compensated that all but a 10 abril 2004 handful would make more money by doing almost any other reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 of work. II. An reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 exemption from copyright for distance education would be an abril del 2004 taking of photographers' 10 abril 2004 and a of 50 2004 5 abril levante periodico 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril to photographers. 10 abril 2004 in part on abril del 2004 observations about the resistance of many customers to noticia 10 abril 2004 protections for example, for reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 reasons or privacy concerns CCC believes that the best protections for copyrighted materials are noticia 10 abril 2004 and 10 abril 2004 licensing systems. Abril del 2004 and levante periodico 10 abril 2004 licensing also encourages the majority of users who are 10 abril 2004 to be abril del 2004, to do so levante periodico 10 abril 2004, and thereby helps to make copyright compliance of 50 2004 5 abril. Thus, the mere existence of CCC's ECCS for use by the stc 71 2004 19 abril community is a noticia 10 abril 2004 influence on behavior around levante periodico 10 abril 2004 abril del 2004 in the reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 arena.
By: Stc 71 2004 19 abril | Sat, 22 Mar 08 20:22:49 +0000 | | | of 50 2004 5 abril abril del 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 noticia 10 abril 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 stc 71 2004 19 abril noticia 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril noticia 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril levante periodico 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril levante periodico 10 abril 2004 abril del 2004 10 abril 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 10 abril 2004 10 abril 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril 10 abril 2004 10 abril 2004 levante periodico 10 abril 2004 levante periodico 10 abril 2004 abril del 2004 of 50 2004 5 abril reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 10 abril 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 reglamento 882 2004 29 abril 2004 stc 71 2004 19 abril
